Data types in Microsoft SQL Server define the kind of data that can be stored in a column or variable within a database. Each data type has specific properties and limitations. Here are some common SQL Server data types:

1. INT (Integer):
   • Stores whole numbers.
   • Range: -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647.
2. VARCHAR(n):
   • Variable-length character strings.
   • Maximum length is specified by ‘n’.
   • Example: VARCHAR(50) can store up to 50 characters.
3. CHAR(n):
   • Fixed-length character strings.
   • Always reserves ‘n’ characters even if the string is shorter.
   • Example: CHAR(10) will always occupy 10 characters.
4. DECIMAL(p, s):
   • Exact numeric data type for storing fixed-point numbers.
   • ‘p’ represents the total number of digits, and ‘s’ is the number of decimal places.
   • Example: DECIMAL(10, 2) can store numbers like 12345.67.
5. FLOAT(n):
   • Approximate numeric data type for storing floating-point numbers.
   • ‘n’ specifies the number of bits used to store the mantissa.
   • Example: FLOAT(24) for single-precision, FLOAT(53) for double-precision.
6. DATE:
   • Stores date values in ‘YYYY-MM-DD’ format.
   • Example: ‘2023-09-29’.
7. TIME:
   • Stores time values in ‘HH:MI:SS.nnnnnnn’ format.
   • Example: ’15:30:45.1234567′.
8. DATETIME:
   • Stores date and time values in ‘YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS.nnnnnnn’ format.
   • Example: ‘2023-09-29 15:30:45.1234567’.
9. BOOLEAN:
   • Stores true/false or 1/0 values.
   • Commonly used for Boolean logic.
10. BINARY(n):
    • Fixed-length binary data.
    • Stores binary data, such as images or documents.
    • Example: BINARY(16) for storing a 16-byte binary value.
11. VARBINARY(n):
    • Variable-length binary data.
    • Similar to BINARY but allows variable-length storage.
12. VARCHAR(MAX) and NVARCHAR(MAX):
    • Variable-length character strings with maximum storage capacity.
    • Suitable for storing large text or binary data.
    • VARCHAR(MAX) for non-Unicode character data, and NVARCHAR(MAX) for Unicode character data.
13. TEXT and NTEXT:
    • Deprecated data types for storing large text data.
    • Replaced by VARCHAR(MAX) and NVARCHAR(MAX).
14. UNIQUEIDENTIFIER:
    • Stores a globally unique identifier (GUID).
    • Often used as a primary key.
15. XML:
    • Stores XML data.
    • Allows for querying and manipulating XML documents.
16. JSON:
    • Introduced in newer SQL Server versions (e.g., SQL Server 2016 and later).
    • Stores JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) data.